IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 3049-0294 Online | ISSN: 3049-3773 Print) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access quarterly journal published by IOASD Publisher. The journal is dedicated to publishing high-quality scholarly works in the broad fields of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and allied healthcare disciplines. The primary objective of the journal is to promote the advancement of scientific knowledge and healthcare research by providing a global platform for researchers, academicians, clinicians, pharmacists, healthcare professionals, and industry experts. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, case reports, short communications, research findings, editorials, letters to the editor, and other scholarly contributions related to medical and pharmaceutical sciences. The journal encourages interdisciplinary, evidence-based, and innovative research that contributes to clinical practice, pharmaceutical development, healthcare management, biomedical advancement, and public health improvement at national and international levels. Journal Information Journal Title: IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: IOASD J Med Pharm Sci ISSN: 3049-0294 (Online) | ISSN: 3049-3773 (Print) Frequency: Quarterly Subject: Medical Sciences Language: English Format: Online & Print Starting Year: 2024 Publisher: IOASD Publisher Address: 204, Borhawar, Murajhar, Hojai, Assam- 782439 Origin: India Open Access Policy The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences is committed to the principles of open-access publishing and believes that unrestricted access to scientific knowledge promotes research, innovation, education, evidence-based healthcare, and global collaboration. The journal provides immediate, permanent, and free online access to all published articles without subscription fees, registration requirements, or paywalls. Readers may access, read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to published articles in accordance with the applicable licensing terms. Read more Author Guidelines Authors intending to submit manuscripts to the IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences are requested to read the following instructions carefully and prepare their manuscripts in accordance with the journal guidelines. Manuscripts that do not comply with the prescribed format and ethical standards may be returned for correction prior to peer review. Read more Privacy Statement The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences respects the privacy of its authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and website users. The journal is committed to protecting personal information collected through its website and editorial management system and to processing such information responsibly, securely, and only for legitimate editorial, publishing, and administrative purposes. This Privacy Statement explains how personal information is collected, used, stored, and protected by the journal. Read more
The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. Under this license, readers are free to copy, distribute, share, adapt, and reproduce the published work in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source.
Nanobots in Lung Cancer Therapy: An Overview
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. It is responsible for roughly 18.4% of all cancer deaths [1]. Late-stage diagnosis, drug resistance and the limitation of getting a therapeutic agent precisely to the lung tumor site continues to be major drawbacks. Nanoparticle based drug delivery has advantages toward solving this problem due to its tiny size, distribution and precise absorption in tumor site. Such tumor targeting improves bioavailability. ‘Nanorobots’ or ‘Nanobots’ are nanoscale devices function on autonomous or semi-autonomous principle and capable of navigating through biological environment to exhibit programmable drug release at the targeted site. This review provides a broad overview of the major classes of nanobots being explored for lung cancer therapy, namely synthetic, biohybrid and DNA origami systems. This piece of the article also attempts to discuss various routes used to administer these nanobots and the mechanisms through which they act on tumors. Their emerging roles in the diagnosis are also considered. Finally, the challenges, limitations and future perspectives were also considered under its purview.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ratnamoy Roy, Nilimanka Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predictive Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Pre-Clinical Studies: An Overview
Animal testing in preclinical drug development has long raised scientific and ethical concerns. Artificial intelligence (AI), through its deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) sub-fields causing a paradigm shift in pre-clinical research by offering the potential to partially or fully reduce reliance on animal experimentation and to provide more human-relevant alternatives. This review examines the emerging roles of AI in preclinical drug development process which includes drug screening; pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic prediction; toxicity and carcinogenicity assessment; organ-on-chip technology, digital twins, virtual animal models, regulatory compliance, and autonomous AI agents while critically addressing the challenges and limitations that accompany this transition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satadru Ghosh, Nilimanka Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Death, the Body, and Ritual Practice in the Northwest Territories of Canada: An Ethnographic Study of Long-Term Care Settings
This study explores death rituals and cultural practices surrounding the preparation of the deceased in long-term care facilities in Canada’s Northwest Territories. Drawing on ethnographic observation and interviews with caregivers and family members, the study examines how Indigenous cosmological beliefs shape post-mortem rituals. The findings reveal that death in long-term care is not merely a medical event but a culturally mediated transition involving ritual acts such as body cleansing, candle lighting, and spiritual guidance for the deceased. These practices reflect Indigenous understandings of the relationship among the living, the dead, and the ancestral world. The study contributes to scholarship in death studies, medical anthropology, and Indigenous cultural practices by documenting how traditional beliefs coexist with institutional healthcare settings. The study uses a qualitative ethnographic approach to examine death rituals in long-term care settings in Norman Wells, Northwest Territories. Data were collected through participant observation and informal interviews with caregivers, family members, and community participants involved in end-of-life processes. Field observations were conducted during the researcher’s time in long-term care facilities. Interview data were supplemented by observational notes documenting post-death ritual practices, including body preparation, candle lighting, and pastoral visitation. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to identify recurring cultural patterns related to death rituals and Indigenous cosmological beliefs. The researcher’s professional experience as a personal support worker in long-term care facilities in Norman Wells provided unique observational insight into caregiving practices and ritual responses to death within institutional settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nicholas Chielotam Akas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hemostatic Imbalance in Thalassemia: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Manifestations
Thalassemia is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy characterized by defective globin chain synthesis, leading to chronic anemia and systemic complications. Among these, hemostatic imbalance has gained increasing attention due to its contribution to significant morbidity and mortality. This review explores the complex molecular mechanisms underpinning coagulation disturbances in thalassemia, including chronic hemolysis-induced endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, microparticle generation, and coagulation factor alterations. These pathophysiological changes foster a prothrombotic state while occasionally predisposing to bleeding complications. Clinically, patients with thalassemia exhibit a broad spectrum of hemostatic manifestations ranging from thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis and stroke to bleeding tendencies associated with platelet dysfunction and coagulopathy. Diagnostic evaluation is complicated by overlapping clinical features and the limitations of routine coagulation assays, necessitating more advanced testing modalities to accurately assess coagulation status and guide management. The impact of factors such as splenectomy, iron overload, and oxidative stress on hemostasis further complicates clinical care. Effective management of hemostatic imbalance in thalassemia requires a multidisciplinary approach that balances thrombotic and bleeding risks. Current strategies include anticoagulation, iron chelation, and careful monitoring of coagulation parameters. Advances in molecular diagnostics and emerging targeted therapies offer promising avenues for personalized care. This review underscores the importance of understanding hemostatic alterations in thalassemia to improve clinical outcomes and highlights areas for future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Platelets and People: Comparing Thrombocyte Patterns in African and Russian HIV Cohorts– A Review
Platelet abnormalities are common hematological manifestations of HIV infection, yet their patterns vary across regions due to differences in comorbidities, treatment access, and population-specific physiological baselines. Africa and Russia represent two distinct HIV epidemics with unique epidemiological drivers and hematologic reference norms. Understanding how platelet indices differ between these settings is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy and patient management. This review synthesizes evidence on thrombocyte patterns among HIV-positive cohorts in Africa and Russia, with emphasis on thrombocytopenia, regional baseline platelet reference ranges, and the influence of co-infections and treatment status. A narrative review was conducted through searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and AJOL for studies published between 1990 and 2025. Observational and cohort studies reporting platelet indices in HIV-infected adults or children from African or Russian populations were included. Findings show that thrombocytopenia is more prevalent in African HIV cohorts, often driven by immune-mediated platelet destruction, opportunistic infections, and endemic co-infections such as malaria and tuberculosis. Russian cohorts exhibit platelet abnormalities more frequently linked to late HIV diagnosis, hepatitis C co-infection, and substance use–related complications. Regional platelet reference ranges differ considerably, with African populations generally showing lower baseline values than Russian or global standards, impacting diagnostic thresholds and disease classification. Platelet patterns in HIV infection vary markedly between Africa and Russia due to distinct epidemiologic and healthcare factors. Context-specific reference ranges and diagnostic criteria are essential for accurate monitoring and improved clinical decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Olga Goryavheva Goryavheva, Mikhail Anatolyevich Zubarev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Immunization Among Mothers Who Attend Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State
Immunization is one of the most effective and cost-efficient public health interventions for preventing childhood morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite the availability of routine immunization services in Nigeria, incomplete immunization remains a challenge due to various socioeconomic, cultural, and health system-related factors. This study assessed the factors influencing the acceptance and uptake of immunization among mothers attending the Maternal and Child Health Unit of the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 380 mothers of children aged 0–5 years attending FMC Umuahia. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire that assessed socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of immunization, immunization practices, and factors influencing vaccine uptake. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages, while Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with complete immunization uptake at a significance level of p < 0.05. The majority of mothers (59.7%) were below 30 years of age, 96.8% were married, and 37.9% had primary education or less. Most respondents demonstrated good knowledge of immunization, with 91.8% knowing that immunization should commence within the first week of life. 60.5% of children had completed their immunization schedule. The major reason for accepting immunization was disease prevention (86.8%), while the leading causes of missed immunization doses were vaccine unavailability (31.9%) and transportation difficulties (18.8%). Factors hindering immunization uptake included non-availability of vaccines (39.0%), ignorance (20.0%), religious influences (8.2%), and cultural beliefs (5.8%). Maternal educational level was significantly associated with complete immunization uptake (χ² = 8.132, p = 0.017). Mothers with secondary education (AOR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.31–6.01, p = 0.008) and tertiary education (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.25–6.17, p = 0.012) were significantly more likely to complete their children's immunization schedules compared to those with primary education or less. Acceptance and uptake of immunization among mothers attending FMC Umuahia were generally high and strongly influenced by maternal education, vaccine availability, accessibility of healthcare services, and knowledge of immunization benefits. Strengthening health education programs, ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supply, improving transportation access, and addressing sociocultural misconceptions are essential strategies for improving immunization coverage and achieving optimal child health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nneka Juliet Nnamdi, Chinyere Evangeline Achukwu, Ngozi Priscilla Eze-Onuegbu, Chidinma Grace Eluwa, Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Coagulation Disorders in Early Childhood: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Implications: A Narrative Review
Coagulation disorders in early childhood represent a critical group of hemostatic abnormalities that can lead to significant bleeding or thrombotic events. These disorders arise from both inherited defects, such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, and acquired conditions like vitamin K deficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The unique developmental physiology of the pediatric coagulation system adds complexity to their pathophysiology and clinical presentation, requiring age-specific considerations for accurate diagnosis and management. Diagnosis of coagulation disorders in young children relies on a combination of thorough clinical assessment and targeted laboratory investigations. Screening tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time must be interpreted within pediatric reference ranges, and confirmatory factor assays and genetic tests are often necessary. Early identification of these disorders is essential to initiate appropriate therapies, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. The clinical implications of coagulation disorders in early childhood are profound, ranging from life-threatening hemorrhages to venous thromboembolism. Management strategies must be tailored to the child’s specific disorder, balancing efficacy and safety in a population with unique physiological needs. This review emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary care, timely diagnosis, and advances in treatment approaches to optimize outcomes in affected children.
Venous Thromboembolism Risk and Coagulation Markers in Rare Breast Tumors: A Perspective
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent and serious complication in cancer patients, with risk varying according to tumor subtype and biology. Rare breast tumors, including metaplastic, secretory, adenoid cystic, and phyllodes tumors, remain understudied regarding their association with coagulation abnormalities and thrombotic risk. This perspective synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiology of coagulation activation, the prognostic value of coagulation markers such as D-dimer and thrombin generation, and the clinical implications for VTE risk management in patients with rare breast tumors. Recognizing the distinct coagulation profiles and thrombotic tendencies in these tumors is critical to refining risk stratification and guiding personalized thromboprophylaxis. Future research focusing on molecular mechanisms and biomarker validation is essential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce thrombotic morbidity in this unique patient population.
Hematologic Cytokine Storm: Immune Dysregulation in Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Advanced ovarian cancer is frequently associated with profound immune dysregulation characterized by a hematologic cytokine storm, a hyperinflammatory state driven by excessive cytokine release. This dysregulated immune response contributes to tumor progression, systemic inflammation, and significant hematologic abnormalities including anemia, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis. The cytokine storm reflects a complex interplay between tumor cells, immune cells, and the tumor microenvironment, resulting in the amplification of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The pathophysiology of the cytokine storm involves a feed-forward loop of immune activation where elevated cytokine levels disrupt normal hematopoiesis, induce endothelial dysfunction, and promote coagulation abnormalities. Clinically, patients exhibit systemic inflammatory symptoms and laboratory evidence of hematologic dyscrasia, which negatively impact treatment response and overall prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cytokine-driven hematologic dysfunction is crucial for improving patient management in advanced ovarian cancer.
Hematologic Fallout: A Review of Anemia in Communities Exposed to Gas Flaring and Petrochemical Pollution
Gas flaring and petrochemical pollution represent significant environmental hazards in oil-producing regions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These industrial activities release a wide array of toxic substances, including benzene, sulfur dioxide, and heavy metals, which contaminate air, soil, and water. Chronic exposure to these pollutants is increasingly associated with adverse hematologic effects, especially anemia. While anemia is often attributed to nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases, growing evidence suggests that environmental exposures significantly contribute to its prevalence in vulnerable populations living near oil and gas facilities. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms through which gas flaring and petrochemical pollutants disrupt normal hematopoiesis. Key processes include bone marrow suppression by benzene metabolites, red blood cell destruction via oxidative stress, impaired iron metabolism due to inflammation, and reduced erythropoietin production from renal toxicity. Epidemiological studies from heavily industrialized regions such as the Niger Delta in Nigeria have reported disproportionately high rates of anemia among residents, particularly among children and pregnant women, further highlighting the intersection between environmental degradation and public health inequities.
Occult Hematopoietic Malignancies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Prognostic Implications
Occult hematopoietic malignancies are a subset of blood cancers that evade conventional diagnostic methods, often presenting with minimal or non-specific clinical features. These hidden neoplasms, including early-stage leukemias and lymphomas, pose significant challenges due to their potential for rapid progression and transformation into aggressive disease. Advances in molecular diagnostics, immunophenotyping, and imaging have improved detection of subclinical malignancies, revealing complex interactions between malignant clones and the bone marrow microenvironment. This narrative review synthesizes current insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and prognostic implications of occult hematopoietic malignancies. Emphasis is placed on emerging diagnostic strategies, risk stratification, and the clinical significance of early detection in guiding therapeutic decisions and improving patient outcomes.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in Translational Research: Current Landscape, Clinical Applications, and Future Paradigms
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represents a paradigm shift in cardiovascular research, overcoming the physiological limitations of animal models and the scarcity of primary human tissues. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of hiPSC-CMs in translational research, emphasizing their transformative applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. We examine methodologies for generating high-purity cardiomyocytes, particularly through the biphasic modulation of Wnt signaling pathways, and evaluate advanced biochemical, mechanical, and electrical techniques for driving cellular maturation. The critical need for reproducibility in high-throughput environments is addressed through an assessment of standardized platforms, which facilitate robust regulatory compliance. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages of hiPSC-CMs in preserving authentic human genetic backgrounds and leveraging CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate isogenic controls for precision medicine. Despite rapid advancements, persistent limitations—most notably the fetal-like immature phenotype, cellular heterogeneity, and In vivo arrhythmogenic risks—remain substantial hurdles. Through detailed case studies on Long QT Syndrome and Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, we illustrate the practical efficacy of these in vitro models. Finally, we discuss recent milestones, including engineered heart muscle (EHM) patches and the regulatory integration of hiPSC-CM data via the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative, underscoring the trajectory of hiPSC-CMs toward realizing personalized cardiovascular medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sankaramanivel Sundararaj, Karthik Rajendran, Amit Khanna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bioadaptive Articulators in Prosthodontics: Short Communication
Bioadaptive articulators represent an emerging advancement in prosthodontics by integrating biologically adaptive principles with conventional articulator systems to simulate mandibular movements more accurately. Traditional articulators reproduce static jaw relations; however, they often fail to account for neuromuscular adaptation, functional dynamics, and individualized occlusal variations. Bioadaptive articulators aim to bridge this gap by incorporating patient-specific functional movements, digital jaw tracking, and adaptive occlusal parameters. These systems enhance the precision of prosthetic rehabilitation, improve occlusal harmony, and reduce chairside adjustments. The integration of digital technologies such as virtual articulators, computerized mandibular analyzers, and artificial intelligence has further refined their clinical applications. This short communication highlights the concept, clinical significance, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of bioadaptive articulators in contemporary prosthodontics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arpit Sikri, Jyotsana Sikri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of warm water foot bath on fatigue among chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis in hospitals of Sikkim
Background: The prevalence of fatigue among hemodialysis patients varies from 60 to 97%, which affects the patient’s quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of warm water foot bath on fatigue among chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials and methods: The current research utilized a quasi-experimental time-series design and included 60 individuals with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment. The participants were recruited using purposive sampling and were divided equally into an experimental group and a control group. Prior to the intervention, the Piper Fatigue Scale-12 was utilized to measure fatigue. The experimental group received three successive footbaths with warm water at temperatures ranging from 100 to 110°F for 15 minutes each time. The same fatigue scale was used to conduct post-intervention evaluation 30 minutes after each session. Results: One-way ANOVA was used to assess significant difference between the means of two groups which revealed that the significance values were 0.112, 0.812 and 0.643 during first, second and third session respectively whereas during the post-test, that there is a significant difference in fatigue level during the first {F =8.866, p=0.004}, second {F= 15.268, p=0.000} and third session {F= 21.147, p=0.000} concluding that post-test fatigue levels varied significantly across the different sessions. Conclusion: The warm water foot bath is an easy and inexpensive way to address fatigue among patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Pradhan, Wangkheimayum Ashalata Devi, Karma Doma Bhutia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Inflammatory Markers in Graves’ Disease Patients in Orlu, Imo State
The study evaluated the Molecular Inflammatory and Immunological markers in Graves’ Disease patients in Orlu, Imo State. This work included eighty (80) Graves’ Disease patients within the age bracket of 30-60 years old of both gender (males and females), grouped into two (group 1; those without Graves’ orbitopathy, GO) and (group 2; those with Graves’ orbitopathy). The two groups were of equal sample size of forty (40) study subjects each matched with Age and Gender controls. CRP, IL-23, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, were all measured with different tests kits of Elisa method. However, ESR was measured with Westergren methods. The SPSS statistical computer software (version 21) was used for the analysis. The study showed that ESR,CRP,IL-23, IFN- gamma, TFN- alpha mean serum levels were significantly higher in the two groups when compared to their respective controls ESR mm/hr (32.15 ± 7.08; control as 12.05 ± 4.24), CRP mg/L ( 20.55± 8.98; control as 5.40 ± 2.57) IL-23pg/ml ( 37.45 ± 13.63; control as 10.85± 5.10), IFN-gamma pg/ml (9.46± 5.28; control as 2.85 ± 1.00), TFN-alpha (22.80 ± 4.49; control as 9.10± 3.00) for males and ( 33.23± 8.57±; control as 13.24±. 4.64), (21.34± 8.24; control as 6.20± 2.77), (38.02± 13.75; control as 11.48± 5.82), (10.05± 5.97; control as 3.14± 1.08), (23.56± 4.85; control as 9.85± 3.14) for females. Again, there was a significantly lower mean serum levels of those inflammatory markers in grp 1 than in grp 2; ESR ( 25.70 ± 3.37; control as 38.60 ± 5.66) , CRP( 14.20 ± 4.27 ; control as 26.90 ± 7.91), IL-23 (26.00 ± 2.51;control as 48.90± 9.96) ,IFN-gamma ( 5.35 ± 0.66 ;control as 13.57 ± 4.62), TFN -alpha (25.70 ± 3.46 ;control as 19.90 ± 3.41) for males and (26.45± 3.37; control as 13.02± 5.65), (14.92± 5.01; control as 4.90± 2.21), ( 26.75± 2.21; control as 10.03± 5.28), (6.15± 0.75; control as 2.95± 0.98), (26.20± 3.57; control as 9.80± 3.48) for females.
Copyright (c) 2025 Onyemekara, Darlington, Nwanjo Harrison Ugo, Nwadike Constance, Ejikunle Samson D, Ogoke Victor l, Mgbeojedo Chizoba, Ossai Joseph, Alagwu Grillo C, Ekenyem, Kieran C (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neonatal Infection: A Review of Associated Risk Factors
In 2018 the global neonatal death rate was 18 per 1000 live births, accounting for 2.5 million neonatal deaths. This represents approximately 7000 neonatal deaths every day. Among under five mortalities, more than two-fifth of deaths occur during the neonatal period and one third of these neonatal deaths are due to infection. Muhororo Hospital counted a neonatal infection rate of 22.5 per 1000 live births and in the quarter from July 2023 to December 2023 the rate increased to 24.3 per 1000 live births. Systemic signs of infection and isolation of a bacterial or other pathogen from the bloodstream manifest neonatal infection. Commonly known maternal risk factors for neonatal infection in high-income countries are chorioamnionitis, intrapartum maternal temperature above 38°C, delivery below 37weeks of gestation, membrane rupture beyond 18 hours, and vaginal group B streptococcus colonization. In a bid to reduce neonatal infection from 8.6% in June 2023 to 6.5% by June 2024, a study was conducted to know preventable risk factors for neonatal infection in Muhororo Hospital. The study enrolled all newborns in neonatology service with confirmed neonatal infection during data collection period. The study identified that Apgar score ˂ 7, poor feeding, meconial amniotic fluid and home delivery were factors affecting or predispose for neonatal infection. Factors like gravidity of the mother, gestational age, type of amniotic fluid membrane rupture and the type of delivery were not significantly associated with neonatal infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nizeyimana Fidele, Igirukwayo Ildephonse, Mutabazi Placide, Mukeshimana Jeanne d’Arc, Niyitegeka Jean Pierre, Ndayisaba Cleophas, Uwumukiza Dative, Nkurikiyintwali Jean Marie Vianney (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbial Analysis of Three-Leaf Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum): Microbiological Quality and Spoilage Dynamics During Storage
This study examined the microbiological quality and spoiling development of Dioscorea dumetorum (three-leaf yam), a somewhat obscure yam species produced in equatorial Africa. Cooked yam samples were kept at room temperature and checked for bacterial and fungal development every 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours using conventional microbiological procedures. Over the course of 96 hours, overall viable bacterial counts went from 2.2 × 10⁵ CFU/g to 8.4 × 10⁷ CFU/g, and total fungal counts went from 2.9 × 10⁵ to 2.7 × 10⁷ CFU/g. The most common bacteria were Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens, and the most common fungi were Penicillium spp., Blastomyces spp., and Aspergillus flavus. Sensory test indicated a gradual decline in colour, flavour, and aroma, indicative of microbial growth. The results show that D. dumetorum is quite likely to spoil when stored at room temperature, so it should be eaten right away or kept in the fridge to be safe. The study offers foundational data on the microbial ecology of an underutilised species and elucidates its preservation requirements post-processing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dunga Kingsley Excel, Onyenama Amarachi Chisom, Ezeagwula Treasure Divine Chinyere, Uzoije Ugwuzor Nwadikor, Ohanusi Irene Nneka, Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Patterns of Reproductive hormones and Metabolic biomarkers During Perimenopause in Owerri Populations
Perimenopause is a transitory phase preceding menopause, marked by significant hormonal fluctuations and physiological adjustments. This study examines the trends of reproductive hormones and metabolic indicators in perimenopausal women living in Owerri, Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical investigation was performed on 100 women aged 40–55 years, divided into early and late perimenopausal cohorts. Blood samples were examined for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol (E₂), progesterone, prolactin, and some metabolic indicators, including lipid profile. The findings indicated notable elevations in FSH and LH levels, accompanied by a reduction in oestradiol and progesterone concentrations during the perimenopausal phases (p < 0.05). Biomarkers of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, LDL-C) were raised in late perimenopausal women, indicating heightened cardiometabolic risk. These results highlight the relationship between hormonal fluctuations and metabolic biomarker changes during perimenopause in African women. Regular testing of endocrine and metabolic markers is advised for the prompt identification of perimenopausal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nwanguma Eberechi, Ibanga Etim Imoh, Uzodinma Udeoha, Ikem Amarachi Promise, Nnodim Johnkennedy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Immunohematology of Hyperglycemia: Laboratory Evidence and Hematological Changes
Hyperglycemia, whether acute or chronic, has extensive harmful consequences on both the haematologic and immunological systems. In addition to its well-known effects on metabolism, high blood sugar levels for a long time can seriously mess up cellular homeostasis and the integrity of blood vessels. High levels of glucose change the shape, flexibility, and longevity of red blood cells (RBCs), making it harder for them to carry oxygen and causing problems with the microcirculation. At the same time, hyperglycemia changes the way white blood cells move, stick to things, move around, and eat things, which weakens both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, hyperglycemia promotes platelet activation and aggregation, fostering a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory environment that increases the risk of vascular problems. Long-term exposure to high glucose causes non-enzymatic glycation of membrane proteins and haemoglobin. This creates advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that cause oxidative stress, problems with the endothelium, and problems with the immune system. These molecular occurrences jointly foster low-grade systemic inflammation, compromised haemostasis, and modified cellular signalling pathways.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinedu-madu Jane Ugochi, Kanu Stella Ngozika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Governance Network of Ethics Committees in the Face of COVID-19
Ethics committees are the result of a learning process between the parties involved. The evaluative function of the projects focuses attention on transparency and accessibility to knowledge, but justified by the exceptional scenario represented by the pandemic. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to compare the structure of theoretical dimensions of bioethics with respect to the practical dimensions evaluated by expert judges. A cross-sectional, correlational and exploratory study was carried out with a sample selected for its bioethical practice, as well as for its updating and specialization in review of bioethical documents. The results confirm transparency as a guiding axis, although accessibility is far from being part of a governance system that is rather focused on the sustainability of the evaluation committees. For its part, the state of the art highlights that these findings are inherent to an exceptionality that this work places as the beginning of transparency and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cruz García Lirios, Rosa María Rincón Ornelas, Juan Guillermo Mansilla Sepúlveda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sebaceous Neoplasm: Histopathological Pearls for the Practicing Pathologist
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Counselling Collaboration, Critical Care Pharmacy and the Need for Outpatient Treatment and Management in Cross River State, Nigeria
Pharmacists play a vital role in medication management, ensuring patient safety, and promoting adherence to treatment plans, ultimately reducing readmission rates and improving overall patient care This study highlights the importance of counseling collaboration and critical care pharmacy in improving patient outcome in Cross River State, Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive outpatient treatment and management, particularly in the context of limited healthcare resources. By integrating counseling services with critical care pharmacy, healthcare provider can enhance medication adherence, patient education and overall well-being. The study underscores the significance of collaborative care in addressing the unique healthcare challenges faced by outpatients in Cross River State. Critical care is inherently a multidisciplinary field, requiring close collaboration between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other specialists. Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the ICU consistently show potential cost savings through optimized medication therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sylvia Emmanuel Ekpo, Effiom Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Markson Inemesit Aniedi-Abasi, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Etim Adams, Gapona Oden, Eme Joseph Asanyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biomedical Counseling and Public Health Enlightenment Service in Primary Health Center Esierebom Calabar South, Cross River State
This study explores the impact of integrating biomedical counseling and public health enlightenment services into primary health center Esierebom in Calabar south, Cross River state. By providing patients with accurate information on disease prevention, management, and treatment, these services empower individuals to take control of their health. The study highlights the importance of trained healthcare professionals in delivering effective counseling and enlightenment services, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and community well-being in Cross River Sate. Educating patient on prevailing health problems and methods of control, implementing measures to prevent locally endemic and epidemic disease. By integrating biomedical counseling and public health enlightenment services, the primary health centre esierebom can be better in promoting healthy behavoiur and improving overall well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Markson Inemesit Aniedi-abasi, Inyang Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Eme Joseph Asanyi, Mary Lawrence Effiong, Emmanuel Eze (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Emerging Role of Nanoparticles in MRI as Targeted Contrast Agents
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely accepted diagnostic technique that is especially well-known for its high-resolution imaging, superior soft tissue contrast, and non-ionizing radiation characteristics. However, the use of contrast agents becomes important to maximise MRI's sensitivity and specificity towards specific disorders. In order to increase image quality and diagnostic precision, recent advancements have concentrated on MRI contrast agents. Nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional agents, offering improved contrast enhancement, prolonged circulation time, and the potential for targeted imaging. However, a variety of contrast agents are available, including dual contrast agents, manganese-based nanoparticles (MnO), and iron-oxide-based nanoparticles (SPIONS). It helps in surface functionalization and target imaging techniques that enable biocompatibility, reduce immune clearance, and allow for the attachment of targeting ligands. The functions of nanoparticles in MRI-guided treatments, such as targeted drug administration, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunity-boosting therapy, and gene therapy. This review highlights recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in the field of nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents, with an emphasis on their clinical translational potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeeba Farooqui, Zeenat Fareed, Md Rashid Anwer, Afshan Nigar, Rushda Parveen, Nimra Khan, Zeeshan Akram, Mohd Fazil Ansari, Mohd Faraz, Aniket Singh Rajput (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Tagara (Valeriana wallichii) Versus Counselling in Reducing Occupational Stress among Nursing Personnel: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Occupational stress is a major public health concern among healthcare workers, particularly nurses and paramedical staff, due to high patient loads, emotional labor, and systemic pressures. While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an established intervention, there is increasing interest in Ayurvedic solutions such as Tagara (Valeriana wallichii), traditionally used as a nervine tonic and supported by emerging evidence for its anxiolytic and adaptogenic properties. The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Tagara (Valeriana wallichii) combined with CBT versus CBT alone in reducing occupational stress, anxiety, and sleepiness among nursing staff in a tertiary hospital setting. Methods: A quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 200 nursing staff randomized into two groups: Tagara + CBT (n=100) and CBT only (n=100). The intervention group received Tagara extract (500 mg BD) alongside weekly 30-minute CBT sessions for 8 weeks, while the control group received CBT only. Primary outcomes included changes in Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. Secondary outcomes included job satisfaction and safety. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and sleepiness over 12 weeks. The Tagara + CBT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the CBT-only group: mean PSS reduction was -7.68 ± 2.1 vs. -5.82 ± 1.9 (p = 0.003), GAD-7 reduction was -4.2 ± 1.3 vs. -2.9 ± 1.1 (p = 0.012), and KSS improvement was -2.5 ± 0.8 vs. -1.7 ± 0.6 (p = 0.021). By Week 12, 78% of the Tagara group achieved PSS scores <25 compared to 62% in the CBT group. Tagara recipients also reported greater improvements in job satisfaction and emotional resilience. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Tagara, when combined with CBT, is more effective than CBT alone in reducing occupational stress, anxiety, and sleepiness among nursing staff, and is well tolerated. This integrative approach offers a promising, holistic strategy for occupational stress management in healthcare settings
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Mishra, K. N. Dwivedi, Jyoti Kathwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients at Khartoum State – Sudan (2021-2024)
Introduction: Hypertension nowadays is a major community health problem. It is high prevalence, which becomes an important area of research, which is also a major possibility for circulatory diseases and other complications. The study aims to Adherence Medication among Hypertensive patients at Khartoum State – Sudan (2021-2024). Methodology: hospital-based longitudinal surveillance study carried out among 203 patients with hypertension, who admitted/attended to Khartoum Governmental hospitals during the period from 2022 year. Data collected through direct interviewed questionnaire, Analysis was done by using SPSS 26.0 version software, descriptive statistics with the use of frequency and %, inferential statistics with Chi-square test, and P value ≤ 0.05 considered as significant. Results: Majority of them 79(38.9%) within age group >50 years, 131(64.5%) were male, 141(69.5%) were married. The duration of hypertension was 1 – 5 years in majority. Controlled blood pressure was reported in 59(29.1%). The overall patients knowledge regarding hypertension disease in majority 81(39.9%) was poor, followed by 63(31%) was fair, and 59(29%) was good. Patients adherent to medication was 92(45.3%), non-adherence was commonly due to forgot to take medication 33(29.7%). Regarding follow up, 89(43.8%) had regular follow up. Even though patients categorized as second and third stage of hypertension have high frequency of medication non-adherence but not attain the significant level (P value=0.059). Most of patients with good diet were had normal blood pressure or first stage hypertension. (p value=0.021). Conclusion: Patients with good dietary adherence is significantly associated with better blood pressure control, and good knowledge about hypertension, this emphasizing the importance of educational interventions and indicating that dietary management is crucial for hypertension control
Copyright (c) 2025 Masharg Hamid Mohammed Salih, Higazi Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah Awad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An overview
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease which characterized by pathogenic protein aggregates that correlate with the progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of behavioral functions. It is now more often recognized as Lou Gehrig’s disease in the US. ALS is an uncommon disease; diagnosis is often delayed because more prevalent conditions are taken into consideration before ALS. ALS has a about 1 in 350 lifetime risk. The genes responsible for 10% of sporadic ALS and two thirds of familial A physiology and causation are still mostly unclear. A common pathogenic characteristic of both familial and sporadic ALS is toxicity, which can also result from aggregation of both wild-type and mutant proteins. The goal of ALS treatment is to maximize quality of life and use disease-modifying treatments because the condition is still incurable. This review outline about the ALS disease and discuss the status of ALS in human neurons which may improve care and outcome for ALS patients
Copyright (c) 2025 K. Sandhiya, Lavanya Babu, R. Swathi, S. Shakthi Sree, R. Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Counselling on Healthcare Management: Imperative on the use of Modern, Technology in Saving Life in Esierebom Primary Health Centre, Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study explores the impact of counselling on healthcare management in Esierebom primary health centre, calabar south local government area, with a focus on leveraging modern technology to enhance patient outcome. The research investigate how technology –based interventions, health application and electronics health records, can improve patient engagement, adherence to treatment plans, and overall health outcome. The studies also examine the roles of counselling in promoting healthy behaviour, managing chronic condition, addressing mental health concerns. This empowers patients to take a more active role in managing their health, improving engagement and adherence to treatment plans. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of effective strategies for integrating technology into primary healthcare settings, ultimately improving the quality of care in patients outcome.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Uwa, Nkoyo Nyong, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Anwah Isaac Anwah, Elizabeth G. Akpama, Godwin Micheal Ubi, Alderline B. Bassey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Health Information: The Catalyst for Counselling Analysis in Patient in Calabar South Local Government Area Cross River State, Nigeria
Concurrently, there are concerns that health professionals lack the time and training to guide patients through the growing medical “data jungle.” Health Information Counsellors would have broad knowledge of various kinds of health data and data quality evaluation techniques, as well as analytic skills in statistics and data interpretation. Trained also in interpersonal communication, health management, insurance systems, and medico-legal aspects of data privacy, Health Information Counsellors would know enough about clinical medicine to advise on the relevance of any kind of data for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The creation of this new specialty would help patients and health care professionals to make more informed choices about how increasing amounts of health data and information can or should inform health care. This qualities study investigation the catalysts that prompt patient to seek counseling analysis. Through in-depth interview with patients, we identified key triggers, including significant life event s mental health symptoms and interpersonal conflicts. The finding highlights the complex interplay between individual experience, emotional responses, and decision to seek professional help. The study provides insight into the counseling process, empathy, understanding and tailored support. The result have implication for mental health practioners, policy makers, and healthcare providers seeking to improve patient engagement and outcome.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Godwin Micheal Ubi, Elizabeth G. Akpama, Queen Bassey Bassey, Anwah Isaac Anwah, Eso, Ikouwem John, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Uwa, Nkoyo Nyong, Gapona Oden, Mercy Lawrence Ekwok, Alderline B. Bassey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Orbital Lymphoma: About a Case Revealing Diagnosis Challenges
Orbital lymphoma is rare by its localization. It’s usually a B cell lymphoma. The diagnosis relies on the histological study after a biopsy. The biopsy could be a challenge depending on the area of the tumor and the anatomical structures near the lesion. In the article we are presenting a case of patient with a tumor located in the orbit. Usually, the biopsy is made through the skin. The endonasal way for a biopsy of an orbital tumor can be more useful and safer than a classic way through the skin. Here are an article describing a case of orbital lymphoma, management and the characteristics of the pathology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Z. Arkoubi, K. Hjaouj, Z. El Hafi, R. Bencheikh, A. Benbouzid, L. Essakalli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0