IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 3049-0294 Online | ISSN: 3049-3773 Print) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access quarterly journal published by IOASD Publisher. The journal is dedicated to publishing high-quality scholarly works in the broad fields of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and allied healthcare disciplines. The primary objective of the journal is to promote the advancement of scientific knowledge and healthcare research by providing a global platform for researchers, academicians, clinicians, pharmacists, healthcare professionals, and industry experts. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, case reports, short communications, research findings, editorials, letters to the editor, and other scholarly contributions related to medical and pharmaceutical sciences. The journal encourages interdisciplinary, evidence-based, and innovative research that contributes to clinical practice, pharmaceutical development, healthcare management, biomedical advancement, and public health improvement at national and international levels. Journal Information Journal Title: IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: IOASD J Med Pharm Sci ISSN: 3049-0294 (Online) | ISSN: 3049-3773 (Print) Frequency: Quarterly Subject: Medical Sciences Language: English Format: Online & Print Starting Year: 2024 Publisher: IOASD Publisher Address: 204, Borhawar, Murajhar, Hojai, Assam- 782439 Origin: India Aims & Scope The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences aims to serve as a comprehensive platform for the dissemination of significant research findings and scientific developments in Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Clinical Research, and Healthcare Studies. The journal welcomes contributions that enhance scientific understanding, improve patient care, support pharmaceutical innovation, and address current and emerging healthcare challenges. The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences covers a broad range of disciplines in Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and allied healthcare fields. The journal welcomes scholarly contributions in areas including Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Epidemiology, Public Health, Immunology, Microbiology, Neuroscience, Nutrition, Pathology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biomedical Sciences, Forensic Medicine, Emergency and Critical Care, Infectious Diseases, Psychiatry, Geriatrics, and Community Medicine. The journal also encompasses various surgical and clinical specialties such as General Surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Oncology, Cardiology, Dermatology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Pulmonology, Rheumatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ophthalmology, ENT, and related fields. In Pharmaceutical Sciences, the journal includes Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medicinal Chemistry, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacognosy, Clinical Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Drug Discovery, Pharmacovigilance, and Herbal Medicines. The journal further encourages interdisciplinary and emerging research areas including Biotechnology, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Healthcare Management, Translational Medicine, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Telemedicine, Digital Health, Environmental Health, and other applied and allied healthcare disciplines. Open Access Policy The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences is committed to the principle of open-access publishing and believes that scholarly research should be freely accessible to researchers, academicians, professionals, students, and the global scientific community without financial, legal, or technical barriers. Read more Author Guidelines Authors intending to submit manuscripts to the IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences are requested to read the following instructions carefully and prepare their manuscripts in accordance with the journal guidelines. Manuscripts that do not comply with the prescribed format and ethical standards may be returned for correction prior to peer review. Read more Privacy Statement The IOASD Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences is committed to protecting the privacy, confidentiality, and personal information of authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. The journal recognizes the importance of responsible data handling and follows appropriate ethical and legal standards to ensure that personal information is collected, processed, stored, and protected securely. Read more
Bioadaptive Articulators in Prosthodontics: Short Communication
Bioadaptive articulators represent an emerging advancement in prosthodontics by integrating biologically adaptive principles with conventional articulator systems to simulate mandibular movements more accurately. Traditional articulators reproduce static jaw relations; however, they often fail to account for neuromuscular adaptation, functional dynamics, and individualized occlusal variations. Bioadaptive articulators aim to bridge this gap by incorporating patient-specific functional movements, digital jaw tracking, and adaptive occlusal parameters. These systems enhance the precision of prosthetic rehabilitation, improve occlusal harmony, and reduce chairside adjustments. The integration of digital technologies such as virtual articulators, computerized mandibular analyzers, and artificial intelligence has further refined their clinical applications. This short communication highlights the concept, clinical significance, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of bioadaptive articulators in contemporary prosthodontics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arpit Sikri, Jyotsana Sikri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of warm water foot bath on fatigue among chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis in hospitals of Sikkim
Background: The prevalence of fatigue among hemodialysis patients varies from 60 to 97%, which affects the patient’s quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of warm water foot bath on fatigue among chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials and methods: The current research utilized a quasi-experimental time-series design and included 60 individuals with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment. The participants were recruited using purposive sampling and were divided equally into an experimental group and a control group. Prior to the intervention, the Piper Fatigue Scale-12 was utilized to measure fatigue. The experimental group received three successive footbaths with warm water at temperatures ranging from 100 to 110°F for 15 minutes each time. The same fatigue scale was used to conduct post-intervention evaluation 30 minutes after each session. Results: One-way ANOVA was used to assess significant difference between the means of two groups which revealed that the significance values were 0.112, 0.812 and 0.643 during first, second and third session respectively whereas during the post-test, that there is a significant difference in fatigue level during the first {F =8.866, p=0.004}, second {F= 15.268, p=0.000} and third session {F= 21.147, p=0.000} concluding that post-test fatigue levels varied significantly across the different sessions. Conclusion: The warm water foot bath is an easy and inexpensive way to address fatigue among patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Pradhan, Wangkheimayum Ashalata Devi, Karma Doma Bhutia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Inflammatory Markers in Graves’ Disease Patients in Orlu, Imo State
The study evaluated the Molecular Inflammatory and Immunological markers in Graves’ Disease patients in Orlu, Imo State. This work included eighty (80) Graves’ Disease patients within the age bracket of 30-60 years old of both gender (males and females), grouped into two (group 1; those without Graves’ orbitopathy, GO) and (group 2; those with Graves’ orbitopathy). The two groups were of equal sample size of forty (40) study subjects each matched with Age and Gender controls. CRP, IL-23, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, were all measured with different tests kits of Elisa method. However, ESR was measured with Westergren methods. The SPSS statistical computer software (version 21) was used for the analysis. The study showed that ESR,CRP,IL-23, IFN- gamma, TFN- alpha mean serum levels were significantly higher in the two groups when compared to their respective controls ESR mm/hr (32.15 ± 7.08; control as 12.05 ± 4.24), CRP mg/L ( 20.55± 8.98; control as 5.40 ± 2.57) IL-23pg/ml ( 37.45 ± 13.63; control as 10.85± 5.10), IFN-gamma pg/ml (9.46± 5.28; control as 2.85 ± 1.00), TFN-alpha (22.80 ± 4.49; control as 9.10± 3.00) for males and ( 33.23± 8.57±; control as 13.24±. 4.64), (21.34± 8.24; control as 6.20± 2.77), (38.02± 13.75; control as 11.48± 5.82), (10.05± 5.97; control as 3.14± 1.08), (23.56± 4.85; control as 9.85± 3.14) for females. Again, there was a significantly lower mean serum levels of those inflammatory markers in grp 1 than in grp 2; ESR ( 25.70 ± 3.37; control as 38.60 ± 5.66) , CRP( 14.20 ± 4.27 ; control as 26.90 ± 7.91), IL-23 (26.00 ± 2.51;control as 48.90± 9.96) ,IFN-gamma ( 5.35 ± 0.66 ;control as 13.57 ± 4.62), TFN -alpha (25.70 ± 3.46 ;control as 19.90 ± 3.41) for males and (26.45± 3.37; control as 13.02± 5.65), (14.92± 5.01; control as 4.90± 2.21), ( 26.75± 2.21; control as 10.03± 5.28), (6.15± 0.75; control as 2.95± 0.98), (26.20± 3.57; control as 9.80± 3.48) for females.
Copyright (c) 2025 Onyemekara, Darlington, Nwanjo Harrison Ugo, Nwadike Constance, Ejikunle Samson D, Ogoke Victor l, Mgbeojedo Chizoba, Ossai Joseph, Alagwu Grillo C, Ekenyem, Kieran C (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Neonatal Infection: A Review of Associated Risk Factors
In 2018 the global neonatal death rate was 18 per 1000 live births, accounting for 2.5 million neonatal deaths. This represents approximately 7000 neonatal deaths every day. Among under five mortalities, more than two-fifth of deaths occur during the neonatal period and one third of these neonatal deaths are due to infection. Muhororo Hospital counted a neonatal infection rate of 22.5 per 1000 live births and in the quarter from July 2023 to December 2023 the rate increased to 24.3 per 1000 live births. Systemic signs of infection and isolation of a bacterial or other pathogen from the bloodstream manifest neonatal infection. Commonly known maternal risk factors for neonatal infection in high-income countries are chorioamnionitis, intrapartum maternal temperature above 38°C, delivery below 37weeks of gestation, membrane rupture beyond 18 hours, and vaginal group B streptococcus colonization. In a bid to reduce neonatal infection from 8.6% in June 2023 to 6.5% by June 2024, a study was conducted to know preventable risk factors for neonatal infection in Muhororo Hospital. The study enrolled all newborns in neonatology service with confirmed neonatal infection during data collection period. The study identified that Apgar score ˂ 7, poor feeding, meconial amniotic fluid and home delivery were factors affecting or predispose for neonatal infection. Factors like gravidity of the mother, gestational age, type of amniotic fluid membrane rupture and the type of delivery were not significantly associated with neonatal infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nizeyimana Fidele, Igirukwayo Ildephonse, Mutabazi Placide, Mukeshimana Jeanne d’Arc, Niyitegeka Jean Pierre, Ndayisaba Cleophas, Uwumukiza Dative, Nkurikiyintwali Jean Marie Vianney (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbial Analysis of Three-Leaf Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum): Microbiological Quality and Spoilage Dynamics During Storage
This study examined the microbiological quality and spoiling development of Dioscorea dumetorum (three-leaf yam), a somewhat obscure yam species produced in equatorial Africa. Cooked yam samples were kept at room temperature and checked for bacterial and fungal development every 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours using conventional microbiological procedures. Over the course of 96 hours, overall viable bacterial counts went from 2.2 × 10⁵ CFU/g to 8.4 × 10⁷ CFU/g, and total fungal counts went from 2.9 × 10⁵ to 2.7 × 10⁷ CFU/g. The most common bacteria were Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens, and the most common fungi were Penicillium spp., Blastomyces spp., and Aspergillus flavus. Sensory test indicated a gradual decline in colour, flavour, and aroma, indicative of microbial growth. The results show that D. dumetorum is quite likely to spoil when stored at room temperature, so it should be eaten right away or kept in the fridge to be safe. The study offers foundational data on the microbial ecology of an underutilised species and elucidates its preservation requirements post-processing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dunga Kingsley Excel, Onyenama Amarachi Chisom, Ezeagwula Treasure Divine Chinyere, Uzoije Ugwuzor Nwadikor, Ohanusi Irene Nneka, Okoro Chinyere Ihuarulam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Patterns of Reproductive hormones and Metabolic biomarkers During Perimenopause in Owerri Populations
Perimenopause is a transitory phase preceding menopause, marked by significant hormonal fluctuations and physiological adjustments. This study examines the trends of reproductive hormones and metabolic indicators in perimenopausal women living in Owerri, Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical investigation was performed on 100 women aged 40–55 years, divided into early and late perimenopausal cohorts. Blood samples were examined for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol (E₂), progesterone, prolactin, and some metabolic indicators, including lipid profile. The findings indicated notable elevations in FSH and LH levels, accompanied by a reduction in oestradiol and progesterone concentrations during the perimenopausal phases (p < 0.05). Biomarkers of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, LDL-C) were raised in late perimenopausal women, indicating heightened cardiometabolic risk. These results highlight the relationship between hormonal fluctuations and metabolic biomarker changes during perimenopause in African women. Regular testing of endocrine and metabolic markers is advised for the prompt identification of perimenopausal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nwanguma Eberechi, Ibanga Etim Imoh, Uzodinma Udeoha, Ikem Amarachi Promise, Nnodim Johnkennedy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Immunohematology of Hyperglycemia: Laboratory Evidence and Hematological Changes
Hyperglycemia, whether acute or chronic, has extensive harmful consequences on both the haematologic and immunological systems. In addition to its well-known effects on metabolism, high blood sugar levels for a long time can seriously mess up cellular homeostasis and the integrity of blood vessels. High levels of glucose change the shape, flexibility, and longevity of red blood cells (RBCs), making it harder for them to carry oxygen and causing problems with the microcirculation. At the same time, hyperglycemia changes the way white blood cells move, stick to things, move around, and eat things, which weakens both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, hyperglycemia promotes platelet activation and aggregation, fostering a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory environment that increases the risk of vascular problems. Long-term exposure to high glucose causes non-enzymatic glycation of membrane proteins and haemoglobin. This creates advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that cause oxidative stress, problems with the endothelium, and problems with the immune system. These molecular occurrences jointly foster low-grade systemic inflammation, compromised haemostasis, and modified cellular signalling pathways.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinedu-madu Jane Ugochi, Kanu Stella Ngozika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Governance Network of Ethics Committees in the Face of COVID-19
Ethics committees are the result of a learning process between the parties involved. The evaluative function of the projects focuses attention on transparency and accessibility to knowledge, but justified by the exceptional scenario represented by the pandemic. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to compare the structure of theoretical dimensions of bioethics with respect to the practical dimensions evaluated by expert judges. A cross-sectional, correlational and exploratory study was carried out with a sample selected for its bioethical practice, as well as for its updating and specialization in review of bioethical documents. The results confirm transparency as a guiding axis, although accessibility is far from being part of a governance system that is rather focused on the sustainability of the evaluation committees. For its part, the state of the art highlights that these findings are inherent to an exceptionality that this work places as the beginning of transparency and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cruz García Lirios, Rosa María Rincón Ornelas, Juan Guillermo Mansilla Sepúlveda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sebaceous Neoplasm: Histopathological Pearls for the Practicing Pathologist
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Counselling Collaboration, Critical Care Pharmacy and the Need for Outpatient Treatment and Management in Cross River State, Nigeria
Pharmacists play a vital role in medication management, ensuring patient safety, and promoting adherence to treatment plans, ultimately reducing readmission rates and improving overall patient care This study highlights the importance of counseling collaboration and critical care pharmacy in improving patient outcome in Cross River State, Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive outpatient treatment and management, particularly in the context of limited healthcare resources. By integrating counseling services with critical care pharmacy, healthcare provider can enhance medication adherence, patient education and overall well-being. The study underscores the significance of collaborative care in addressing the unique healthcare challenges faced by outpatients in Cross River State. Critical care is inherently a multidisciplinary field, requiring close collaboration between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other specialists. Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services in the ICU consistently show potential cost savings through optimized medication therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sylvia Emmanuel Ekpo, Effiom Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Markson Inemesit Aniedi-Abasi, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Etim Adams, Gapona Oden, Eme Joseph Asanyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biomedical Counseling and Public Health Enlightenment Service in Primary Health Center Esierebom Calabar South, Cross River State
This study explores the impact of integrating biomedical counseling and public health enlightenment services into primary health center Esierebom in Calabar south, Cross River state. By providing patients with accurate information on disease prevention, management, and treatment, these services empower individuals to take control of their health. The study highlights the importance of trained healthcare professionals in delivering effective counseling and enlightenment services, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and community well-being in Cross River Sate. Educating patient on prevailing health problems and methods of control, implementing measures to prevent locally endemic and epidemic disease. By integrating biomedical counseling and public health enlightenment services, the primary health centre esierebom can be better in promoting healthy behavoiur and improving overall well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Markson Inemesit Aniedi-abasi, Inyang Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Eme Joseph Asanyi, Mary Lawrence Effiong, Emmanuel Eze (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Emerging Role of Nanoparticles in MRI as Targeted Contrast Agents
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely accepted diagnostic technique that is especially well-known for its high-resolution imaging, superior soft tissue contrast, and non-ionizing radiation characteristics. However, the use of contrast agents becomes important to maximise MRI's sensitivity and specificity towards specific disorders. In order to increase image quality and diagnostic precision, recent advancements have concentrated on MRI contrast agents. Nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional agents, offering improved contrast enhancement, prolonged circulation time, and the potential for targeted imaging. However, a variety of contrast agents are available, including dual contrast agents, manganese-based nanoparticles (MnO), and iron-oxide-based nanoparticles (SPIONS). It helps in surface functionalization and target imaging techniques that enable biocompatibility, reduce immune clearance, and allow for the attachment of targeting ligands. The functions of nanoparticles in MRI-guided treatments, such as targeted drug administration, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunity-boosting therapy, and gene therapy. This review highlights recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in the field of nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents, with an emphasis on their clinical translational potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeeba Farooqui, Zeenat Fareed, Md Rashid Anwer, Afshan Nigar, Rushda Parveen, Nimra Khan, Zeeshan Akram, Mohd Fazil Ansari, Mohd Faraz, Aniket Singh Rajput (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Tagara (Valeriana wallichii) Versus Counselling in Reducing Occupational Stress among Nursing Personnel: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Occupational stress is a major public health concern among healthcare workers, particularly nurses and paramedical staff, due to high patient loads, emotional labor, and systemic pressures. While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an established intervention, there is increasing interest in Ayurvedic solutions such as Tagara (Valeriana wallichii), traditionally used as a nervine tonic and supported by emerging evidence for its anxiolytic and adaptogenic properties. The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Tagara (Valeriana wallichii) combined with CBT versus CBT alone in reducing occupational stress, anxiety, and sleepiness among nursing staff in a tertiary hospital setting. Methods: A quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 200 nursing staff randomized into two groups: Tagara + CBT (n=100) and CBT only (n=100). The intervention group received Tagara extract (500 mg BD) alongside weekly 30-minute CBT sessions for 8 weeks, while the control group received CBT only. Primary outcomes included changes in Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. Secondary outcomes included job satisfaction and safety. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and sleepiness over 12 weeks. The Tagara + CBT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the CBT-only group: mean PSS reduction was -7.68 ± 2.1 vs. -5.82 ± 1.9 (p = 0.003), GAD-7 reduction was -4.2 ± 1.3 vs. -2.9 ± 1.1 (p = 0.012), and KSS improvement was -2.5 ± 0.8 vs. -1.7 ± 0.6 (p = 0.021). By Week 12, 78% of the Tagara group achieved PSS scores <25 compared to 62% in the CBT group. Tagara recipients also reported greater improvements in job satisfaction and emotional resilience. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion: Tagara, when combined with CBT, is more effective than CBT alone in reducing occupational stress, anxiety, and sleepiness among nursing staff, and is well tolerated. This integrative approach offers a promising, holistic strategy for occupational stress management in healthcare settings
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Mishra, K. N. Dwivedi, Jyoti Kathwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients at Khartoum State – Sudan (2021-2024)
Introduction: Hypertension nowadays is a major community health problem. It is high prevalence, which becomes an important area of research, which is also a major possibility for circulatory diseases and other complications. The study aims to Adherence Medication among Hypertensive patients at Khartoum State – Sudan (2021-2024). Methodology: hospital-based longitudinal surveillance study carried out among 203 patients with hypertension, who admitted/attended to Khartoum Governmental hospitals during the period from 2022 year. Data collected through direct interviewed questionnaire, Analysis was done by using SPSS 26.0 version software, descriptive statistics with the use of frequency and %, inferential statistics with Chi-square test, and P value ≤ 0.05 considered as significant. Results: Majority of them 79(38.9%) within age group >50 years, 131(64.5%) were male, 141(69.5%) were married. The duration of hypertension was 1 – 5 years in majority. Controlled blood pressure was reported in 59(29.1%). The overall patients knowledge regarding hypertension disease in majority 81(39.9%) was poor, followed by 63(31%) was fair, and 59(29%) was good. Patients adherent to medication was 92(45.3%), non-adherence was commonly due to forgot to take medication 33(29.7%). Regarding follow up, 89(43.8%) had regular follow up. Even though patients categorized as second and third stage of hypertension have high frequency of medication non-adherence but not attain the significant level (P value=0.059). Most of patients with good diet were had normal blood pressure or first stage hypertension. (p value=0.021). Conclusion: Patients with good dietary adherence is significantly associated with better blood pressure control, and good knowledge about hypertension, this emphasizing the importance of educational interventions and indicating that dietary management is crucial for hypertension control
Copyright (c) 2025 Masharg Hamid Mohammed Salih, Higazi Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah Awad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An overview
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease which characterized by pathogenic protein aggregates that correlate with the progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of behavioral functions. It is now more often recognized as Lou Gehrig’s disease in the US. ALS is an uncommon disease; diagnosis is often delayed because more prevalent conditions are taken into consideration before ALS. ALS has a about 1 in 350 lifetime risk. The genes responsible for 10% of sporadic ALS and two thirds of familial A physiology and causation are still mostly unclear. A common pathogenic characteristic of both familial and sporadic ALS is toxicity, which can also result from aggregation of both wild-type and mutant proteins. The goal of ALS treatment is to maximize quality of life and use disease-modifying treatments because the condition is still incurable. This review outline about the ALS disease and discuss the status of ALS in human neurons which may improve care and outcome for ALS patients
Copyright (c) 2025 K. Sandhiya, Lavanya Babu, R. Swathi, S. Shakthi Sree, R. Srinivasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Counselling on Healthcare Management: Imperative on the use of Modern, Technology in Saving Life in Esierebom Primary Health Centre, Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study explores the impact of counselling on healthcare management in Esierebom primary health centre, calabar south local government area, with a focus on leveraging modern technology to enhance patient outcome. The research investigate how technology –based interventions, health application and electronics health records, can improve patient engagement, adherence to treatment plans, and overall health outcome. The studies also examine the roles of counselling in promoting healthy behaviour, managing chronic condition, addressing mental health concerns. This empowers patients to take a more active role in managing their health, improving engagement and adherence to treatment plans. The findings of this research will contribute to the development of effective strategies for integrating technology into primary healthcare settings, ultimately improving the quality of care in patients outcome.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Uwa, Nkoyo Nyong, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Eso, Ikouwem John, Anwah Isaac Anwah, Elizabeth G. Akpama, Godwin Micheal Ubi, Alderline B. Bassey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Health Information: The Catalyst for Counselling Analysis in Patient in Calabar South Local Government Area Cross River State, Nigeria
Concurrently, there are concerns that health professionals lack the time and training to guide patients through the growing medical “data jungle.” Health Information Counsellors would have broad knowledge of various kinds of health data and data quality evaluation techniques, as well as analytic skills in statistics and data interpretation. Trained also in interpersonal communication, health management, insurance systems, and medico-legal aspects of data privacy, Health Information Counsellors would know enough about clinical medicine to advise on the relevance of any kind of data for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The creation of this new specialty would help patients and health care professionals to make more informed choices about how increasing amounts of health data and information can or should inform health care. This qualities study investigation the catalysts that prompt patient to seek counseling analysis. Through in-depth interview with patients, we identified key triggers, including significant life event s mental health symptoms and interpersonal conflicts. The finding highlights the complex interplay between individual experience, emotional responses, and decision to seek professional help. The study provides insight into the counseling process, empathy, understanding and tailored support. The result have implication for mental health practioners, policy makers, and healthcare providers seeking to improve patient engagement and outcome.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Godwin Micheal Ubi, Elizabeth G. Akpama, Queen Bassey Bassey, Anwah Isaac Anwah, Eso, Ikouwem John, Inyang, Florence Bassey, Effiom, Awat Bassey, Uwa, Nkoyo Nyong, Gapona Oden, Mercy Lawrence Ekwok, Alderline B. Bassey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Orbital Lymphoma: About a Case Revealing Diagnosis Challenges
Orbital lymphoma is rare by its localization. It’s usually a B cell lymphoma. The diagnosis relies on the histological study after a biopsy. The biopsy could be a challenge depending on the area of the tumor and the anatomical structures near the lesion. In the article we are presenting a case of patient with a tumor located in the orbit. Usually, the biopsy is made through the skin. The endonasal way for a biopsy of an orbital tumor can be more useful and safer than a classic way through the skin. Here are an article describing a case of orbital lymphoma, management and the characteristics of the pathology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Z. Arkoubi, K. Hjaouj, Z. El Hafi, R. Bencheikh, A. Benbouzid, L. Essakalli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Related to Nurses' Attitude Towards Caring for Dying Patients at Hospital
Background: Caring for dying patients involves addressing their physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. For nurses to provide quality care, developing positive attitudes toward end-of-life care is essential. Various factors, including demographic attributes, work-related conditions, work environment, and personal experiences, influence nurses’ attitudes. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with nurses’ attitudes toward caring for dying patients. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was conducted at a Medical College Hospital with 103 nurses recruited using convenience sampling. The study instrument consisted of three parts: a socio-demographic questionnaire, a nurses' job-related characteristics form, and the Frommelt’s Attitude Toward Caring for Dying (FATCOD) Scale. Data analysis involved two-sample t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation tests. Results: The mean attitude score of nurses was 105.68 out of 150, indicating a moderately positive attitude. Nurses working in palliative care units (F = 4.298, P = .007) and those with prior experiences of losing a close one (t = 4.841, P = .000) demonstrated significantly higher positive attitudes compared to others. Additionally, nurses who were satisfied with their work (r = .367, P = .000) and had a supportive work environment (r = .393, P = .000) exhibited significantly higher positive attitudes. Conclusion: Nurses in palliative care units and those trained in end-of-life care showed more positive attitudes. Therefore, implementing training programs for all nurses is essential. Enhancing job satisfaction and improving the work environment are also crucial strategies for fostering positive attitudes toward caring for dying patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Refaya Mahmuda, Meherun Nesa, Jeong Sook Park (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Rate and Associated Factors Influencing Non-Adherence Among HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Treatment at Imo State Specialist Hospital, Umuguma
The effective treatment of HIV/AIDS depends on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), which inhibits viral replication, boosts immunological function, and increases patient survival. Non-adherence, however, presents serious problems since it can result in drug resistance, virological failure, and higher rates of morbidity and death. This study assessed the adherence rate to ART and identified factors influencing non-adherence among HIV/AIDS patients receiving treatment at Imo State Specialist Hospital, Umuguma. A descriptive survey design was employed, using both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire with 300 HIV-positive patients on ART between August 2023 and July 2024. Secondary data were derived from patient medical records and drug schedule reports. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamane formula, incorporating an attrition rate. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires and analyzed with Chi-square and SPSS (version 25) significance level (p < 0.05). Awareness of ART was high, with hospitals being the primary source of information. Drug adherence was 83%, but below the ideal >95%, with 47.3% reporting at least one instance of non-adherence. Most had been on ART for over a year, with common combinations including Alluvia (+ Lamivudine + Tenofovir). Non-adherence was linked to poverty, forgetfulness, and emotional issues. Strong relationships were observed between adherence and gender, age, marital status, education, and drug combinations (p<0.05). While adherence rates were relatively high, factors influencing non-adherence highlight critical areas for intervention. Healthcare providers should prioritize educating patients on ART regimen adherence and addressing specific barriers such as poverty, emotional challenges, and accessibility. Targeted strategies will enhance adherence, improving outcomes for HIV-infected individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uzoamaka Blessing N., Ibebuike Julia E., Nwanjo Harrison U., Nwagwu Solomon Adanma, Emesowum Anthonia Chinwendu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Use of Some Complementary and Alternative Traditional Medicines (CAM) in Public Health Care Systems with Emphasis of Kedi Health Care Products
Chronic diseases are becoming a global health threat causing thousands of disabilities, huge financial lost and death even, the increasing prevalence of these infectious and non-infectious diseases on patients' life is alarming. Complementary and alternative traditional medicines are very important part of healthcare throughout the globe. Many countries including the U.S and in Africa, complementary and alternative medicines are not seriously regulated as extensively as conventional drug therapy. Currently, there is no much research evaluating the use of herbal and traditional medicines, most importantly in clinical trials. Together with the recent development of new conventional drug therapies, compounds the number of unidentified outcomes when using two treatment approaches together. Traditional and herbal medicine, which has been used for thousands of years in many and various parts of the world, offers potential for integration with modern medicine in managing these conditions. Aim of this review is to present the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in curing diseases through this form of literature review and administration of traditional medicine. Many evidences from the results showed that there is positive result regarding the effect, integration and priority of traditional medicine on the healing of chronic diseases. Blood sugar levels in diabetic patients can be reduced significantly by using medicinal herbs and acupuncture is also very effective in reducing severe pains in patients suffering from arthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatism etc. Massaging, tai-chi, yoga and other physical therapy techniques presented positive results in minimizing stress and mild muscles pains, this is very important factor in the management of many diseases. The integration of traditional medicine with conventional care can provide a more holistic and personalized approach to chronic disease management, improving patients' quality of life as seen in this study. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) especially Kedi healthcare products is very promising in the cure many diseases such as prostitis, fibroid, diabetes, hypertension, hypotension, malaria and typhoid fevers etc.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim S. A, Shehu A. A., Ahmed I., Abdallah M.S., Zakari L. N. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Detection of Helicobacter pylori by Using the Stool Antigen and Blood Antibody Tests among Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders in Western Libya
Background: The stomach mucosa is home to the Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Numerous illnesses of the digestive tract, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, are frequently linked to colonization with this pathogen. The most common methods used for diagnosis of H. pylori infection are serum IgG and IgA antibodies and stool antigen assays. Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare between stool antigen and blood antibody test (IgG and IgM) method for detection of Helicobacter pylori which associated with several upper gastrointestinal disorder among patients in Western Libya. Methodology: This study included 50 serum and stool specimens were collected from patients at the same day which containing 28 females and 22 males, their aged ranged from 10 to 70 years The data were obtained by questionnaire. The stool samples were analysed for H. pylori antigen using H. pylori antigen rapid test cassette kit, while the serum were analysed for IgG and IgM antibodies using Premier enzyme immunoassay. Results: Results of this study showed that prevalence of the infection increased with age greater than 21 years. In the present study stool specimens and serum samples were subjected to examination for detection of Antigen and Antibody respectively. Antibody was detected in 32 out of the 50 samples tested (64%) for IgG and 24 out of 50 samples tested (48%) for IgM. whereas Stool Antigen was positive in 23 (46%) out of 50 samples tested. The current study reveals that IgG showed a slightly greater number of positive cases than IgM and stool antigen test. Conclusion: Blood antibodies test method showed greater number of positive cases (64%) than the stool antigen tests method (46%) which may be due to past infection. Stool antigen test, which detects present but not previous infection of H. pylori, would be more accurate than serology test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Daw Said, Ashraf Mohamed Albakoush, Azab Elsayed Azab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Recent Advancement Laparoscope Tools and Technique: Review Article
Compared to open surgeries, laparoscopy offers patients less postoperative discomfort, a quicker recovery, and shorter hospital stays, revolutionizing minimally invasive surgery. The accuracy, efficiency, and visibility of surgery have been greatly improved by recent developments in laparoscopic instruments and methods. Numerous shortcomings of conventional laparoscopy have been solved by innovations such robotic-assisted laparoscopy, high-definition 3D imaging, enhanced energy devices, and smaller equipment. Even with these developments, a number of holes still exist. Steep learning curves for surgeons, restricted access to resources in low-income environments, and the high prices of sophisticated technology continue to be major obstacles. Furthermore, problems including instrument stiffness, robotic systems' lack of tactile input, and pneumoperitoneal difficulties point to areas that require more study and development. To maximize results and lessen technological constraints in laparoscopic surgery, future developments should concentrate on enhancing accessibility, cost-effectiveness, ergonomic tool designs, and incorporating artificial intelligence. By filling in these gaps, laparoscopic procedures will be more widely used and improved in a variety of healthcare systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Khalleefah Alqadeeri, Rabia A. M. Yahya, Azab Elsayed Azab, Alaa Almabrouke Alzwaqi, Aisha Ali Shahit, Maram Monsef Alrqei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Estimated GFR as a Predictor of Diabetic Nephropathy among Type2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Zawia Region, Western Libya
Background: Type2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients with impaired renal function and diabetic kidney disease have a higher risk of mortality, and often progress to end-stage renal disease. Objectives: to estimate the glomerular filtration rate using the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation, and serum creatinine in the screening of reduced renal function in patients with T2DM in Zawia region Western Libya. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 68 type 2 diabetic patients and 67 healthy subjects as control group. Blood samples were tested for fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea, and serum creatinine for all patients and control subjects enrolled in this study in the period from January to March 2021. Then eGFR was calculated using Cockcroft- Gault (CG) equation for all patients and control individuals. Results: 68 patients aged 53.26± 13.52years were evaluated 58.8% were women. The mean of serum creatinine is 1.36 mg/dL which is significantly higher as compared with the controls (P value = 0.028). The mean of eGFR showed a significant decreasing in eGFR in diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects (P=0.000). Significantly increased risk of impaired GFR among T2DM patients was observed. 54.4% of patients (n,37) were classified as stage 1 and 27.9% (n,19) as stage 2 and 7.4% (n, 5) as stage 3A and 2.9% (n, 2) as stage 3 B and only 4.4% (n, 3) as stage 5. Study showed significantly decreased in eGFR with increasing of age and duration of diabetes type 2 (P= 0.000& 0.002), respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that patients with T2DM enrolled in this study had impaired GFR. This suggested that CKD was a major concern for patients with T2DM. Hence, age of the patient and duration of T2DM had a significant impact in decreasing eGFR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Saied Osman, Azab Elsayed Azab, Ashraf Mohamed Albakoush, Rahma Abdallah Elrando, Amira Misbah Elosta, Donia Abdallah Elrando (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating CT and MRI in Cancer Staging and Treatment Monitoring: Challenges and Innovations
Imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used to identify and monitor cancer patients. Although CT and MRI are based on structural or anatomical abnormalities to identify disease, some advanced MRI techniques can identify cancer by analyzing chemical changes occurring within the tumor. Radiological early diagnosis makes timely action possible, essential for improving treatment results. Innovative methods including Multimodal imaging methods, artificial intelligence (AI), and hybrid approaches like PET-CT and PET-MRI are the results of advancements in cancer imaging. Some challenges are faced during MRI scanning like the duration of the scan, claustrophobia, and risk of injury because of any metallic implant. All these methods and advancements improve the quality of the treatment plan and elevate the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Urooj Fatima, Saqib Zameer, Zeeshan Akram, Mohd Faraz, Areeb Daniyal, Zarrin Anwar, Kashif Abbas, Mudassir Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nanomaterials in Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology: Short Communication
The application of nanotechnology in dentistry has revolutionized the field of prosthodontics and oral implantology by enhancing material properties, improving biocompatibility, and optimizing clinical outcomes. Nanomaterials exhibit superior mechanical strength, improved osseointegration, enhanced antimicrobial properties, and greater aesthetic appeal compared to conventional dental materials. This short communication explores the various nanomaterials used in prosthodontics and oral implantology, focusing on their composition, mechanisms of action, advantages, and clinical implications. Additionally, the latest advancements in nanotechnology and their potential impact on future dental treatments are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arpit Sikri, Jyotsana Sikri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Immunomodulatory Potencies of Albino Rats Administered with Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Extract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of interleukin 6, CD4 + T cell, and CD8 + T cell counts in albino rats that were fed bark extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Seven albino rats were randomly assigned to each of the two groups (n = 7); group 1, or Control (C), was fed only regular food. For 28 days, Group 2 received 20 mg/kg/day of bark leaf extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The ELISA method was used to measure the level of Interleukin 6, and the flow cytometric approach was used to measure the levels of CD4 + T cells (μl/count) and CD8 + T cells (μl/count). Albino rats fed 20 mg/kg of bark extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark had significantly higher levels of Interleukin 6, CD4 + T cell, and CD8 + T cell counts than the control group (P < 0.05). The higher levels of Interleukin 6, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells in albino rats fed bark extract from Cinnamomum zeylanicum may indicate that Interleukin 6 and immunological parameters are strengthened in albino rats. The aqueous cinnamon bark extracts successfully strengthen the immune system, it may be inferred.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinedu-Madu Jane Ugochi, Nnodim Johnkennedy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reflection of Bloom’s Taxonomy in the Learning Outcomes of B.Ed. Syllabus of Agriculture science in Jagannath University
This study determines to seek out the reflection of Bloom’s taxonomy on the course outcomes of B.Ed. info of Agriculture science in Jagannath University. Its objectives were: to reason the learning outcomes of Agriculture science course in step with the Bloom’s taxonomy and to investigation the reflection of Bloom’s taxonomy on the course outcomes of Agriculture science info knowledge was collected by analyzing course document victimization table of specification and interviewing course specialists’ victimization interview schedule. in step with the findings of the study, uneven application of the domains indicated by Benjamin Bloom and lack of consistency of the info became apparent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manju Gupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity—A Deadly Combination
The prevalence of hypertension and obesity is notably elevated among individuals in India diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Given that hypertension and diabetes are established risk factors for major morbidity and mortality in the country, it is imperative to incorporate early screening, as well as efficacious prevention and management strategies for hypertension, diabetes, and obesity into the comprehensive care framework for individuals with type 2 diabetes and concomitant hypertension. Heightened awareness pertaining to the contributory role of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in augmenting morbidity and mortality underscores the critical importance of preventive measures. Proactive screening initiatives for hypertension, diabetes, and obesity within wellness centers should be actively endorsed to facilitate early identification and intervention, thereby mitigating the impact of this pathological triad.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sudhir Singh, Manoj Kumar Srivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bio production of Indole 3-Acetic Acid by Bacillus pumilus DS5 isolated from agricultural field soils of Andhra Pradesh
Bacillus pumilus DS5, a plant growth-promoting bacterium, was isolated from soil samples taken from agricultural fields in the vicinity of Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The isolate was characterized using morphological, biochemical, and physiological methods to determine its taxonomic position. The bacterium was identified by sequencing its 16S rRNA and depositing the sequences in GenBank (NCBI) under accession number (MG870111). The strain was found to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) in YEM broth medium, and the production of IAA was further studied in optimization experiments. The effects of incubation period, pH, temperature, vitamins, carbon, and nitrogen sources on IAA production were investigated. The maximum IAA production of 105 µg/ml was observed after 48 h of incubation using 0.1% L-tryptophan at pH 7.0. Additionally, the effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on IAA production were examined. Sucrose and yeast extract were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for maximum production of IAA. These results suggest that Bacillus pumilus DS5 could be a useful bacterium for promoting plant growth promoting studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Silpa, G. Kranthi Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0